CFP last date
21 April 2025
Call for Paper
May Edition
IJCA solicits high quality original research papers for the upcoming May edition of the journal. The last date of research paper submission is 21 April 2025

Submit your paper
Know more
The week's pick
Responsive image
A Simulated Annealing Algorithm for the Preemptive Multi-Objective Multi-Mode Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem

Zahra Zare Maysam Ashrafzadeh
Random Articles
Reseach Article

A Systematic Review on ZKP Algorithms for Blockchain: Methods, Use-cases and Challenges

by K. Usha, T. Thenmozhi, M. Preyadarssini
journal cover thumbnail

International Journal of Computer Applications
Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Volume 186 - Number 71
Year of Publication: 2025
Authors: K. Usha, T. Thenmozhi, M. Preyadarssini
10.5120/ijca2025924566

K. Usha, T. Thenmozhi, M. Preyadarssini . A Systematic Review on ZKP Algorithms for Blockchain: Methods, Use-cases and Challenges. International Journal of Computer Applications. 186, 71 ( Mar 2025), 39-51. DOI=10.5120/ijca2025924566

@article{ 10.5120/ijca2025924566,
author = { K. Usha, T. Thenmozhi, M. Preyadarssini },
title = { A Systematic Review on ZKP Algorithms for Blockchain: Methods, Use-cases and Challenges },
journal = { International Journal of Computer Applications },
issue_date = { Mar 2025 },
volume = { 186 },
number = { 71 },
month = { Mar },
year = { 2025 },
issn = { 0975-8887 },
pages = { 39-51 },
numpages = {9},
url = { https://ijcaonline.org/archives/volume186/number71/a-systematic-review-on-zkp-algorithms-for-blockchain-methods-use-cases-and-challenges/ },
doi = { 10.5120/ijca2025924566 },
publisher = {Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA},
address = {New York, USA}
}
%0 Journal Article
%1 2025-03-06T21:09:24.914320+05:30
%A K. Usha
%A T. Thenmozhi
%A M. Preyadarssini
%T A Systematic Review on ZKP Algorithms for Blockchain: Methods, Use-cases and Challenges
%J International Journal of Computer Applications
%@ 0975-8887
%V 186
%N 71
%P 39-51
%D 2025
%I Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Abstract

Recent technological advancements have brought the complete business world into the digital space, which uses various technologies such as the Internet of Things, Decentralized ledger technology, and Artificial Intelligence. In this digital space, user authentication plays a crucial role. Verifying the user's identity with selective information disclosure is an efficient way of authentication. Moreover, the identity management of all the entities in the digital space requires a decentralized environment with the lowest level of vulnerabilities. In addition, most business processes in the digital space operate on a public medium prone to attacks, data bleach, etc., and also carry sensitive private information. Hence, digital business space must provide the functionality of security and privacy-preserving information transactions. Furthermore, certain transactional information needs user identity protection as a part of security measures, also known as anonymity. The cryptographic ZKP approach is one of the effective ways to implement the concepts mentioned earlier. ZKP is a verification technique where the identity credentials of a person or entity are verified with selective information disclosure or, in other words, without revealing private information. ZKP can be used to efficiently implement secure information exchange and anonymous identity verification. This paper reviews ZKP models/algorithms proposed in the literature for the various use cases, such as authentication, identity management, security, privacy, and anonymity in a centralized and decentralized environment. Further, this paper analyses the proposed ZKP models for Blockchain in the literature and its various possible applications. Finally, this paper analyses the limitations and challenges of ZKP models.

References
  1. Mohameden Dieye. Pierre Valiorgue. Jean-Patrick Gelas. El-Hacen Diallo. Parisa Ghodous. Frédérique Biennier. Éric Peyrol. 2023. A Self-Sovereign Identity Based on Zero-Knowledge Proof and Blockchain. IEEE Access. Volume 11. 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3268768
  2. Yinjie Gong, Yifei Jin, Yuchan Li, Ziyi Liu, Zhiyi Zhu. 2022. Analysis and comparison of the main zero-knowledge proof scheme. International Conference on Big Data, Information and Computer Network. IEEE Xplore. DOI 10.1109/BDICN55575.2022.00074
  3. Imran Bashir, Mastering Blockchain Second Edition, 2018 Packt Publishing
  4. Olusogo Popoolaa. Marcos Rodriguesb. Jims Marchanga. Alex Shenfieldb. Augustine Ikpehaib. Jumoke Popoolaa. 2024. A critical literature review of security and privacy in smart home healthcare schemes adopting IoT & Blockchain: Problems, challenges, and solutions. Blockchain: Research and Applications. Volume 5. 100178.
  5. Ibrar Yaqoob. Khaled Salah. Mueen Uddin. Raja Jayaraman. Mohammed Omar. and Muhammad Imran. 2020. Blockchain for Digital Twins: Recent Advances and Future Research Challenges. IEEE Network 2020. DOI: 10.1109/MNET.001.1900661
  6. Seila Berciroric Ramic, Ehlimana Cogo, Irfan Prazina, Emir Cogo, Muhamed Turkanvic, Razija Turcinhozic, Mulahasanovic, Sasa Mrdovic. Selective Disclosure of Information. ICT EXPRESS – (ARTICLE IN PRESS)
  7. Xiaoqiang Sun, F. Richard Yu, Peng Zhang, Zhiwei Sun, Weixin Xie, and Xiang Peng. 2021. A Survey on Zero-Knowledge Proof in Blockchain. IEEE Network July/ August 2021. DOI: 10.1109/MNET.011.2000473
  8. Zhigang Chen, Yuting Jiang, Xinxia Song and Liqun Chen. 2023. A Survey on Zero-Knowledge Authentication for Internet of Things. Electronics 2023, 12, 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051145
  9. Anatoly Konkin · Sergey Zapechnikov. 2023. Zero-knowledge proof and ZK-SNARK for private blockchains. Journal of Computer Virology and Hacking Techniques (2023) 19:443–449 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11416-023-00466-1
  10. Luzhon, Abebe, Diro, Akansha Saini, Shahriar Kaisar, Pham Cong Heip. 2024. Leveraging Zero Knowledge Proofs For Blockchain Based Identity Management: A Survey of Advancements, Challenges, and Opportunities. Journal of Information Security and applications 80 (2024) 103678.
  11. Raul Ramos Fernandez. 2024. Evaluation of trust service and software product regimes for zero-Knowledge proof development under eIDAS 2.0, Computer law and security review, Volume 53, July 2024, 105968.
  12. Vid Keršič. Sašo Karakatič. Muhamed Turkanović. 2024. On-chain zero-knowledge machine learning: An overview and comparison. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences. Volume 1. 102207
  13. Ikram Nur Muharam. Iis P. Tussyadiah. Albert Nsom Kimbu. 2024. Decentralising Airbnb: Testing the acceptability of blockchain-based sharing economy systems. Tourism Management. Volume. 102. 104871.
  14. Goldwasser, S. Micali, S and Rackoff. C. 1985. The knowledge complexity of interactive proof-systems. In Proc. 17th Annu. ACM Symp. Theory Comput.(STOC).NewYork, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 291–304, DOI: 10.1145/22145.22178.
  15. DeSantis A., Micali S., and Persiano G. 1988 Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof systems. In Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO). C. Pomerance. Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer, pp. 52–72.
  16. Goldreich O. and Kushilevitz. E. 1988 A perfect zero-knowledge proof for a problem equivalent to discrete logarithm. In Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO) (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer. Vol. 403. pp. 57–70. DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34799-2_5.
  17. Gennaro R. Micciancio D. and Rabin T. 1998. An efficient non-interactive statistical zero-knowledge proof system for quasi-safe prime products. Cryptol. ePrint Arch., Tech. Rep. 1998/008, 1998. https://eprint.iacr.org/1998/008
  18. Schnorr C. P. 1990. Efficient identification and signatures for smart cards. Advances in Cryptology(CRYPTO). G.Brassard, Ed. NewYork, NY, USA: Springer. 1990. pp. 239–252.
  19. Persiano G. and Visconti I. 2006. On non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge in the shared random string model. in Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, R. Královič and P. Urzyczyn, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp. 753–764.
  20. Peikert. C. and Vaikuntanathan. V. 2008 Non-interactive statistical zero-knowledge proofs for lattice problems. In Advances in Cryptology (CRYPTO). D.Wagner.Ed.Berlin. Germany: Springer. pp. 536–553.
  21. Xagawa K and Tanaka K. 2009. Zero-knowledge protocols for NTRU: Application to identification and proof of plaintext knowledge. in Provable Security, J. Pieprzyk and F. Zhang, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp. 198–213.
  22. Xie. X. Xue R. and Wang M. 2013. Zero-knowledge proofs from ring-LWE. In Cryptology and Network Security, M. Abdalla, C. Nita-Rotaru, and R. Dahab, Eds. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 57–73.
  23. Cabarcas. D. Demirel. D. Göpfert. F. Lancrenon. J. and Wunderer T. 2015. An unconditionally hiding and long-term binding post-quantum commitment scheme. Cryptol. ePrint Arch., Tech. Rep. 2015/628, 2015. https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/6282
  24. Martín-Fernández. F. Caballero-Gil. P. and Caballero-Gil C. 2016. Authentication based on non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs for the Internet of Things. Sensors. Vol.16. No.1. pp. 75.
  25. Baum. C. Damgård. I. Lyubashevsky V. Oechsner. S. and Peikert C. 2018. More efficient commitments from structured lattice assumptions. In Security and Cryptography for Networks (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vol.11035, D.Catalanoand R.D.Prisco, Eds. Amalfi, S A, Italy: Springer. Sep. pp. 368–385.
  26. Alshameri H.M. and Kumar P. 2019. An efficient zero-knowledge proof based identification scheme for securing software defined network. Scalable Comput., Pract. Exper. Vol. 20. No. 1. pp. 181–189.
  27. Lyubashevsky. V. Nguyen N. K. and Plançon M. 2022. Lattice-based zero knowledge proofs and applications: Shorter, simpler, and more general. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch., Tech. Rep. 284/2022, 2022.
  28. Li peng. Wei Feng. Zheng Yau Yafeng Li. Xiakang Zhou. Shohei Shimizu. 2021. Privacy preservation in Blockchain: A survey. Digital Communication and Network. Volume 7. pp.295-307.
  29. Ju-Chun Yen. Tawei Wang. 2021. Stock price relevance of voluntary disclosures about blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems Volume 40. March 2021. 100499
  30. Ujkan Q. Bajra. Ermir Rogova. Sefer Avdiaj. 2024. Cryptocurrency blockchain and its carbon footprint: Anticipating future challenges. Technology in Society. Volume 77. June 2024, 102571.
  31. Lingyue Zhang. Zongyang Zhang. Tianyu Li. Shancheng Zhang. 2024. A consensus-based solution for cryptocurrency arbitrage bots in intelligent Blockchain. Digital Communications and Networks(DCN). Under Press.
  32. Jiawei Zheng. Xuewen Dong. Wei Tong. Qihang Liu. Xinghui Zhu. 2019. Blockchain-based secure digital asset exchange scheme with QoS-aware incentive mechanism. 2019 IEEE 20th International Conference on High-Performance Switching and Routing (HPSR). IEEE Xplore.
  33. Muhammad Shoaib Farooq. Usman Iftikhar. Adel Khelifi. 2022. A Framework to Make Voting System Transparent Using Blockchain Technology. IEEE Access. Volume 11. 59959-69. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3180168
  34. Shaoliang Peng. Xing Hu. Jinglin Zhang. Xiaolan Xie. Chengnian Long. Zhihui Tian. Hongbo Jiang. 2020. An Efficient Double-Layer Blockchain Method for Vaccine Production Supervision. IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience, VOL. 19, NO. 3, JULY 2020.
  35. Isabel Román-Martínez. Jorge calvillo-arbizu. Vicente J. Mayor-Gallego. Germán Madinabeitia-Luque. Antonio J. Estepa-Alonso. Rafael M. Estepa-Alonso. 2023 Blockchain-Based Service-Oriented Architecture for Consent Management, Access Control, and Auditing. IEEE Access. Volume 11. 2023.
  36. Weiqi Dai. Chunkai Dai. Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo. Changze Cui. Deiqing Zou. Hai Jin. 2020 SDTE: A Secure Blockchain-Based Data Trading Ecosystem. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, VOL. 15, 2020.
  37. Olusogo Popoolaa. Marcos Rodriguesb. Jims Marchanga. Alex Shenfieldb, Augustine Ikpehaib. Jumoke Popoolaa. 2024. A critical literature review of security and privacy in smart home healthcare schemes adopting IoT & Blockchain: Problems, challenges, and solutions. Blockchain: Research and Applications. Volume 5. 2024. 100178.
  38. Weilin Zheng. Zibin zheng. Xiangping Chen. Kemian Dai. Peishan Li. Renfei Che 2019 NutBaaS: A Blockchain-as-a-Service Platform. IEEE Access. Volume 7. 2019. 134423-433.
  39. Chia-Huag Liao. Xue-Qin Guan. Jen-Hao Cheng. Shyan-Ming Yuan. 2022. Blockchain-based identity management and access control framework for open banking ecosystem. Future generation computing systems. 2022. Volume 135, pp. 450-466.
  40. Yi Gong. Boyuan Yu. Lei Yang. Fanke Meng. Lei Liu et al. 2024. Toward next-generation networks: A blockchain-based approach for core network architecture and roaming identity verification. S2352-8648(24)00099-3, Digital Communications and Networks. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2024.08.008.
  41. Jorge Bernal Bernabe. Jose Luis Canovas. Jose l. Hernandez-ramos. Rafael Torres Moreno. And Antonio Skarmeta. 2019. Privacy-Preserving Solutions for Blockchain: Review and Challenges. IEEE ACCESS. Volume 7. 164909-940. 2019.
  42. Ansif Arooj. Muhammad Shoaib Farooq. Tariq Umer. 2022. Unfolding the blockchain era: Timeline, evolution, types, and real-world applications. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. Volume 207. 103511
  43. Ka Ching Chan. Xujuan Zhou. Raj Gururajan. Xiong Zhou. Mustafa Ally. Michael Garinder. 2019 Integration of Blockchains with Management Information Systems. International Conference on Mechatronics, Robotics and Systems Engineering (MoRSE) 4-6 December 2019, Bali, Indonesia
  44. Bahareh Lashkari. Petr Musilek 2021. A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms. IEEE Access. vol. 9, pp. 43620-43652, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3065880
  45. Ahmed Kosba. Andrew Miller. Elaine Shi. Zikai Wen. Charalampos Papamanthou. 2016. Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts. 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. IEEE Computer Society. DOI 10.1109/SP.2016.55
  46. Vitalik Butterin. 2014 Ethereum White Paper: A next-generation smart contract and Decentralized application platform.
  47. Nitin Upadhyay. 2024. Business models for the Blockchain: An empirical analysis. Digital Business. 2024. Volume 4. Issue 2. 100082.
  48. Salman Saleem Virani. 2024. Blockchain end-user adoption and societal challenges: Exploring privacy, rights, and security dimensions. IET Blockchain. Willey Publications. 2024. Volume 1. pp. 1–15.
  49. Abla Smahi. Hui Li. Yong Yang. Xin Yang. Ping Lu. Yong Zhong. Caifu Liu. 2023. BV-ICVs: A privacy-preserving and verifiable federated learning framework for V2X environments using Blockchain and zkSNARKs. Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences Volume. 35 (2023) 101542.
  50. Bjorn Oude Roelink Mohammed El-Hajj Dipti Sarmah, 2024. Systematic review: Comparing zk-SNARK, zk-STARK, and bulletproof protocol for privacy-preserving authentication, SecurityPrivacy, pp. 1-50, Wiley, https://doi.org/10.1002/spy2.401.
  51. Mohammed El-Hajj and Bjorn Onde Roelink. 2024. Evaluating Efficiency of ZK-SNARK, ZK-STARK, and Bulletproof in Real-world Scenarios: A Benchmark Study. Information. Volume 15. 463.
  52. Suhui Liu. Liquan Chen. Hongtao Yu. Shang Gao. Huiyu Fang. 2023. BP-AKAA: Blockchain-enforced Privacy-preserving Authentication and Key Agreement and Access Control for IIoT. Journal of Information Security and Applications. Volume 73. March 2023. 103443
  53. Abhijeet R. Sheryas Bobde. Anurag Tripahi. Mohit Sahu. 2023. Digital Identity System using Blockchain based Self Sovereign Identity and Zero Knowledge Proof. 21st OITS International Conference on Information Technology. (OCIT 2023). IEEE Xplore. DOI: 10.1109/OCIT 59427. 2023. 10430981.
  54. Po-Wen Chi. Yun-Hsiu Lu. and Albert Guan. 2023 A Privacy-Preserving Zero-Knowledge Proof for Blockchain. Volume 11. Pp. 85108-117 IEEE access 2023. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3302691
  55. Ya-Che Tsai. Raylin Tso. Zi- Yuan Liu, Kung Chen. 2019. An Improved Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Range Proof for Decentralized Applications. IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures (DAPPCON). DOI 10.1109/DAPPCON.2019.00025
  56. Max Kobelt. Michael Sober. Stefan Schulte. 2023. A Benchmark for Different Implementations of Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems. IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain). IEEE Access. pp. 33-40. DOI 10.1109/Blockchain60715.2023.00015
  57. Chunjie Guo. Lin You. Xinggyu Li. Gengram Hu. Shengguo Wang. Chengfang Cao. 2024. A novel biometric authentication scheme with privacy protection based on SVM and ZKP. Computer & Security. Elsevier. (144) 103995.
  58. Gulsan Kumar. Rahul Saha, Manish Gupta, Taithoon Kim. 2024 BRON: A Blockchained framework for privacy information retrieval in human resource management. Heilyon 10 e33393.
  59. Prabhat Kumar. Randhir Kumar. Govind P. Gupta C. Rakesh Tripathic. Alireza Jolfaeid. Najmul Islame A.K.M. 2023. A blockchain-orchestrated deep learning approach for secure data transmission in IoT-enabled healthcare system. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. Elsevier. Vol. 172. pp. 69-93.
  60. Hamza Banita. Attila Kertesz. 2022. PriFoB: a Privacy-aware Fog-enhanced blockchain based system for Global Accreditation and Credential Verification. Journal of Network and Computer Applications. Vol. 205. (2022) 103440.
  61. Zilin Liu. Anjia Yang. Huang Zeng. Changkun Jiang. and Li Ma. A. 2023. Generalized Blockchain-Based Government Data Sharing Protocol. Hindawi Security and Communication Networks Vol. 2023, Article ID 9998433, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9998433.
  62. Yangzhou Cao. Jiageng Chen and Yajun Cao. 2022. Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Vaccine Passport System, Hindawi Security and Communication Networks Volume 2022, Article ID 4769187, 16 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4769187
  63. Jiahui Huang. Teng Huang. Huanchun Wei. Jiehua Zhang. Hongyang Yan. Duncan S.Wong. HaiboHu. 2024. zkChain: A privacy-preserving model based on zk-SNARKs and hash chain for efficient transfer of assets. Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2024. 35. e4709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4709
  64. Tao Feng. Pu Yang. Chunyan Liu. Junli Fang. and Rong Ma. 2022. Blockchain Data Privacy Protection and Sharing Scheme Based on Zero-Knowledge Proof. Hindawi Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Article ID 1040662, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1040662
  65. Jialin Zhu. Wenlong Feng. Wang Zhong. Mengxing Huang. and Siling Feng. 2023. Research on Privacy Protection of Technology Service Transactions Based on Blockchain and Zero-Knowledge Proof. Hindawi Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, Article ID 6196872, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6196872
  66. Junbeom Park and Seongju Chang. 2023. Secure device control scheme with Blockchain in a smart home. Measurement and Control. 2023. Vol. 56(3-4) pp. 546–557.
  67. Xueya Xia. Sai Ji Pandi Vijaya kumar. Jian Shen. and Joel. Rodrigues J. P. C. 2021. An efficient anonymous authentication and key agreement scheme with privacy-preserving for smart cities. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks.Vol. 17(6)
  68. Sai Kiran Deverasetti. Anjila Neupane. Indranil Roy. Reshmi Mitra and Bidyut Gupta. 2024. Establishing Trust using Zero Knowledge Succinct Proof in Peer-to-peer Data Transfer. Proceedings of 36th International Conference on Computer Applications in Industry and Engineering. EPiC Series in Computing Volume 97. pp. 91–100.
  69. Xiao Xu. 2024. Zero‑knowledge proofs in education: a pathway to disability inclusion and equitable learning opportunities. Smart Learning Environments https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561‑024‑00294‑w
  70. Honglei Li and Weilian Xue. 2021. A Blockchain-Based Sealed-Bid e-Auction Scheme with Smart Contract and Zero-Knowledge Proof. Hindawi Security and Communication Networks Volume 2021. Article ID 5523394, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5523394
  71. Yangzhou Cao,Jiageng Chen and Yajun Cao, Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Vaccine Passport System, Hindawi Security and Communication Networks, Article ID 4769187, 16 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4769187
  72. Quan Nguyen. Mikhail Rudoy. Arjun Srinivasan. 2014. Two Factor Zero Knowledge Proof Authentication System. 6.857 Spring 2014 Project.
  73. Md. Onais Ahmad. Gautami Tripathi. Farheen Siddiqui. Mohammad Afshar Alam. Mohd Abdul Ahad. Mohd Majid Akhtar. and Gabriella Casalino. 2023. BAuth-ZKP—A Blockchain-Based Multifactor Authentication Mechanism for Securing Smart Cities. Sensors. Vol 23. 2757. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052757
  74. Saba Khanum, Khurram Mustafa. 2023. A lattice-based blind ring signature scheme for sensitive data protection in blockchain applications. Concurrency Computat Pract Exper. 35. e7835. 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.7835
  75. Dongmei Li. Xiaohui Ke. Xiaomei Zhang. Yujin Zhang. 2024. A trusted and regulated data trading scheme based on Blockchain and zero-knowledge proof, IET Blockchain. 1–13, Willey Publications.
  76. Chunjie Guo. Lin You. Xingyu Li. Gengram Hu. Shenggguo Wang. Chengtang Cao. 2024. A Novel biometric authentication scheme with privacy protection based on SVM and ZKP. Computers and security, Vol. 144, 103995.
  77. Yudai Xue and Jinsong Wang. 2022. Design of a Blockchain-Based Traceability System with a Privacy-Preserving Scheme of Zero-Knowledge Proof. Hindawi Security and Communication Networks, Article ID 5842371, 12 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5842371
  78. Firas Hamila. Mohammad Hamad. Daniel Costa Salgado. Sebastian Steinhorst. 2024. Enhancing security in Fiat–Shamir transformation-based non-interactive zero-knowledge protocols for IoT authentication, International Journal of Information Security. Vol. 23. pp. 1131–1148 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00779-8
  79. Samia Boutalbi. Julio C´esar P´erez Carc´ıa. Abderrahim Benslimane. 2021. Blockchain-based secure Handover for IoT using Zero-Knowledge Proof protocol. GLOBECOM 2021 – IEEE Global Communication Conference. IEEE Xplore. 2021. DOI: 10.11091/GLOBECOM 46510.9685733.
  80. EunSeong Boo. Joongheon Kim. and JeongGil Ko. 2022. LiteZKP: Lightening Zero-Knowledge Proof-Based Blockchains for IoT and Edge Platforms. IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL. MARCH 2022. VOL. 16, NO. 1.
  81. Lasse Herskind. Alberto Giaretta. Michele De Donno. NicolaDragoni. 2019. BitFlow: Enabling real-time cash-flow evaluations through Blockchain, Concurrency Computat Pract Exper. 2019. Vol 32. e5333. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  82. Richard Banach. 2021. Blockchain applications beyond the cryptocurrency casino: The Punishment not Reward blockchain architecture, Concurrency Computatation Pract Exper. John Wiley & Sons, 2021. Vol. 33. e5749 pp. 1-23 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.5749
  83. YachaoHuo. ZongquZhao. Panke Qin Shujing. Wang Chengfu Zheng. 2024 Post-quantum secure two-party computing protocols against malicious adversaries, Concurrency Computat Pract Exper. John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2024. Vol. 36. e7923. pp. 1of14 https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.7923
  84. Jiahui Huang. TengHuang. HuanchunWei. JiehuaZhang. HongyangYan. DuncanS.Wong. HaiboHu. 2024. zkChain: A privacy-preserving model based on zk-SNARKs and hashchain for efficient transfer of assets, TransEmergingTelTech. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Vol. 35. e4709. 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1002/ett.4709
  85. Mauricio de. Vasconcelos Barros. Frederico. Schardong. Ricardo Felipe Custódio. 2022. Leveraging Self-Sovereign Identity, Blockchain, and Zero-Knowledge Proof to Build a Privacy-Preserving Vaccination Pass. arXiv:2202.09207v1
  86. Canling Wang,Wei Wu, Fulong Chen ,Hong Shu,2 Ji Zhang, Yuxuan Zhang,Taochun Wang, Dong Xie,1and Chuanxin Zhao, 2024. A Blockchain-Based Trustworthy Access Control Scheme for Medical Data Sharing, Hindawi IET Information Security. Article ID 5559522, 16 pages https://doi.org/10.1049/2024/5559522
  87. Said El Kafhali, 2024. Blockchain-Based Electronic Voting System: Significance and Requirements, Hindawi Mathematical Problems in Engineering. Article ID 5591147, 17 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5591147
  88. Munivel E and Kannammal A, 2019. New Authentication Scheme to Secure against the Phishing Attack in the Mobile Cloud Computing, Hindawi Security and Communication Networks. Article ID 5141395, 11 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5141395
  89. Zhiming Song , Guiwen Wang, Yimin Yu,and Taowei Chen, 2022. Digital Identity Verification and Management System of Blockchain-Based Verifiable Certificate with the Privacy Protection of Identity and Behavior, Hindawi Security and Communication Networks, Article ID 6800938, 24 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6800938
  90. Ying Zhang, 2022. Increasing Cyber Defense in the Music Education Sector Using Blockchain Zero-Knowledge Proof Identification, Hindawi Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, Article ID 9922167, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9922167
  91. Jie Li, Yuanyuan Lin, Yibing Li, Yan Zhuang and Yangjie Cao, 2024. BPA: A Novel Blockchain-Based Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for the Internet of Vehicles, Electronics 13, 1901. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101901
  92. Maryam Nasr Esfahani, Behrouz Shahgholi Ghahfarokhi. Shahram Etemadi Borujeni. 2024. Blockchain-based end-to-end privacy-preserving scheme for IoT-based healthcare systems. Springer. Volume 80, pages 2067–2127.
  93. Xijian Xu. Jun Wu. 2024. Bridging Economic Model and Blockchain: ZKP Empowered Privacy Preservation payment channel with intermediatory Pricing. International Wireless Communications and Mobile computing, (IWCMC). IEEE Xplore. DOI: 10.1109/IWCMC 61514.2024.10592598.
  94. Javier Jose Diaz Rivera, Afaq Muhammad, Wang-Cheol Song. 2024. Securing digital identity in the Zero trust Architecture, A Blockchain approach to privacy-focussed multifactor authentication. IEEE Communication Society. Volume 5. pp. 1-24.
  95. Devishree Naidu, Bhusan Wanjari, Rohit Bhojwani, Saurabh Suchak, Rahul Baser, Niranjan Kumar Ray. 2023. Efficient Smart contract for Privacy Preserving Authentication in Blockchain using Zero Knowledge Proof. 21st PITS International Conference on Information Technology. IEEE Xplore. DOI:10:1109/OCIT 59427.2023/10430710.
  96. DUC ANH LUONG AND JONG HWAN PARK. 2022. Privacy-Preserving Identity Management System on Blockchain Using Zk-SNARK. IEEE Access. Volume 11. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3233828.
Index Terms

Computer Science
Information Sciences
ZKP
Blockchain

Keywords

Authentication Identity management; Security; Privacy Anonymity

Powered by PhDFocusTM