Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) represent complex distributed systems that comprise wireless mobile nodes that can freely and dynamically self-organize into arbitrary and temporary, ''ad-hoc'' network topologies, allowing people and devices to seamlessly internet work in areas with no pre-existing communication infrastructure, e. g. , disaster recovery environments. Ad hoc networking concept is not a new one, having been around in various forms for over 20 years. Traditionally, tactical networks have been the only communication networking application that followed the ad hoc paradigm. Recently, the introduction of new technologies such as the Bluetooth, IEEE 802. 11 and Hyperlan are helping enable eventual commercial MANET deployments outside the military domain. These recent evolutions have been generating a renewed and growing interest in the research and development of MANET. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of this dynamic field. It first explains the important role that mobile ad hoc networks play in the evolution of future wireless technologies. Then, it reviews applications of mobile ad hoc networks. The paper concludes by presenting a set of challenges and problems requiring further research in the future.

1. M. Frodigh, P. Johansson, and P. Larsson. "Wireless ad hoc networking: the art of networking without a network," Ericsson Review, No. 4, 2000, pp. 248-263.
2. IETF Working Group: Mobile Adhoc Networks (manet). http://www. ietf. org/html. charters/manet-charter. html.
3. Ad Hoc Networking Extended Research Project. Online Project. http://triton. cc. gatech. edu/ubicomp/505.
4. IEEE 802. 11 Working Group. http://www. manta. ieee. org/groups/802/11/.
5. E. M. Royer and C. K. Toh, "A review of current routing protocols for ad hoc mobile wireless networks," IEEE Personal Communications, 1999, 6(2), pp. 46-55.
6. S. R. Das, R. Castaneda, and J. Yan, "Simulation-based performance evaluation of routing protocols for mobile ad
7. hoc networks," Mobile Networks and Applications, 2000, 5, pp. 179-189.
8. S. -J. Lee, M. Gerla, and C. -K. Toh, "A simulation study of table-driven and on-demand routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks," IEEE Network, 1999, 13(4), pp. 48-54. M. Joa-Ng and I. -T. Lu, "A peer-to-peer zone-based two-level link state routing for mobile ad hoc networks,". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 1999, 17(8), pp. 1415-1425.
9. L. Ji, M. Ishibashi, and M. S. Corson, "An approach to mobile ad hoc network protocol kernel design," In Proceedings of IEEE WCNC'99, New Orleans, LA, Sep. 1999, pp. 1303-1307.
10. Y. -B. Ko and N. H. Vaidya, "Geocasting in mobile ad hoc networks: Location-based multicast algorithms,". Technical Report TR-98-018, Texas A&M University, Sep. 1998.
11. M. Gerla, C. -C. Chiang, and L. Zhang, "Tree multicast strategies in mobile, multihop wireless networks," ACM/Baltzer Mobile Networks and Applications, speical issue on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking, 1999, 4(3), pp. 193-207.
12. S. Chakrabarti and A. Mishra, "QoS issues in ad hoc wireless networks," IEEE Communications Magazine, 2001, 39(2), pp. 142–148. L. Zhou and Z. J. Haas, "Securing ad hoc networks," IEEE Network Journal, 1999, 13(6), pp. 24-30.
13. E. Pagnani and G. P. Rossi, "Providing reliable and fault tolerant broadcast delivery in mobile ad-hoc networks,"
14. Mobile Networks and Applications, 1999, 5(4), pp. 175-192.

Applications Manet