For the automatic detection of retinal venous beading and to calculate tortuosity of extracted retinal blood vessels. Venous beading represents focal areas of venous dilation and thinning of the venous walls. Venous beading is most easily comprehended as changes in the vascular caliber of the veins of the vascular arcades. This algorithm proceeds through three main steps 1. Preprocessing operations on high resolution fundus images 2. Simple vessel segmentation techniques formulated in the language of 2D Median Filter for retinal vessel extraction 3. Detection of Venous beading and Tortuosity from extracted blood vessels. Performance of this algorithm is tested using the fundus image database(300Fundus Images) taken from Dr. ManojSaswade,Dr. Neha Deshpande and online available databases diaretdb0, diaretdb1 and DRIVE. This algorithm achieves accuracy of 98% with 0. 92 sensitivity and 0 specificityfor Saswadedetabase,for diaretdb0 accuracy 95% with 0. 95 sensitivity and 0 specificity, for diaretdb1 accuracy 96% with 0. 96 sensitivity and 0 specificity,and for DRIVE database 98% accuracy with 0. 98 sensitivity and 0 specificity.

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3. Manjiri B. Patwari, Dr. Ramesh R. Manza, Dr. ManojSaswade and Dr. Neha Deshpande, "A Critical Review of Expert Systems for Detection and Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy", Ciit International Journal of Fuzzy Systems, February 2012, DOI: FS022012001 ISSN 0974-9721, 0974-9608. (IF 1. 3).
4. Yogesh M. Rajput, Ramesh R. Manza, Manjiri B. Patwari, Neha Deshpande, "Retinal Blood Vessels Extraction Using 2D Median Filter", Third National Conference on Advances in Computing(NCAC-2013), 5th to 6th March 2013, School of Computer Sciences, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425001 (MS) India.
5. Yogesh M. Rajput, Ramesh R. Manza, Manjiri B. Patwari, Neha Deshpande, "Retinal Optic Disc Detection Using Speed Up Robust Features", National Conference on Computer & Management Science [CMS-13], April 25-26, 2013, RadhaiMahavidyalaya, Auarngabad-431003(MS India).
6. Manjiri B. Patwari, Ramesh R. Manza, Yogesh M. Rajput, Neha K. Deshpande, ManojSaswade, "Extraction of the Retinal Blood Vessels and Detection of the Bifurcation Points", International Journal in Computer Application(IJCA), September 18, 2013. ISBN : 973-93-80877-61-7,
7. Manjiri B. Patwari, Ramesh R. Manza, Yogesh M. Rajput, ManojSaswade, Neha K. Deshpande, "Review on Detection and Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Lesions Using Image Processing Techniques", International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol. 2 Issue 10, October - 2013,
8. Manjiri B. Patwari, Ramesh R. Manza, Yogesh M. Rajput, ManojSaswade, Neha K. Deshpande, "Detection and Counting the Microaneurysms using Image Processing Techniques International Journal of Applied Information Systems (IJAIS) – 6(5):11-17, November 2013. Published by Foundation of Computer Science, New York, USA. , ISSN : 2249-0868, Vol. 6 Number 5, October - 2013, Impact Factor 1. 187
9. Manjiri B. Patwari, Dr. Ramesh R. Manza,Yogesh M. Rajput, Dr. ManojSaswade, Dr. Neha K. Deshpande, Sangramsing N. Kayte," Calculation of Retinal Blood vessels Tortuosity by using Image processing Techniques and Statistical Techniques", 2nd International Conference on System Modeling & Advancement in Research Trends (SMART) Department of Computer Applications, TMIMT ,TeerthankerMahaveer University, published in Academic Journal online (AJO), International Journal of Trends in Computer Science, ISSN: 7462 – 8452, Volume 2, Issue 11, 2013.

Blood Vessels Venous Beading Tortuosity.