The theme of the work presented here is performance comparison of gradient mask texture based image retrieval techniques using Walsh, Haar and Kekre transforms with image maps. The shape of the image is extracted by using three different gradient operators (Prewitt, Robert and Sobel) with slope magnitude method followed by generation of image maps (binary image maps in case of Walsh transform and ternary image maps in case of Haar/Kekre transforms) of the shape feature extracted. These image maps are then compared with the different texture patterns namely ‘4-pattern’, ‘16-pattern’ and ‘64-pattern’ generated using Walsh, Haar and Kekre transform matrices to produce the feature vector as the matching number of ones and minus ones (in case of Walsh transform) and matching number of ones, minus ones & zeros (in case of Haar/Kekre transforms) per texture pattern. The proposed content based image retrieval (CBIR) techniques are tested on a generic image database having 1000 images spread across 11 categories. For each proposed CBIR technique 55 queries (randomly selected 5 per image category) are fired on the image database. To compare the performance of image retrieval techniques average precision and recall of all the queries per image retrieval technique are computed. In the discussed image retrieval methods, the ‘64-pattern’ shape texture generated using Kekre transform matrix with Sobel as gradient operator gives the highest crossover point of precision and recall indicating better performance.

1. Dr. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Performance Comparison of Texture Pattern Based Image Retrieval Methods using Walsh, Haar and Kekre Transforms with Assorted Thresholding Methods”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), Volume 9, Number 3, 2011 (ISSN: 1947-5500), Available online at http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis
2. Dr. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Amelioration of Walsh-Hadamard Texture Patterns based Image Retrieval using HSV Color Space”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), Volume 9, Number 3, 2011 (ISSN: 1947-5500), Available online at http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis
3. Dr. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Performance Comparison of Texture Pattern based Image Retrieval using Haar Transform with Binary and Ternary Image Maps”, International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA), Proceedings on International Conference and workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology (ICWET 2011), Number 3, Artilcle 5, 2011.pp.23-28 (ISBN: 978-93-80747-67-2), Available online at http://www.ijcaonline.org
4. Dr. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Image Retrieval using Texture Patterns generated from Walsh-Hadamard Transform Matrix and Image Bitmaps”, Springer International Conference on Technology Systems and Management (ICTSM 2011), MPSTME and DJSCOE, Mumbai, 25-27 Feb 2011. Available online at Springerlink.
5. Dr. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Query by Image Texture Pattern content using Haar Transform Matrix and Image Bitmaps”, Invited at ACM International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology (ICWET 2011), TCET, Mumbai, 25-26 Feb 2011. The paper will be uploaded online on ACM portal.
6. Dr. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Image Retrieval using Shape Texture Patterns generated from Walsh-Hadamard Transform and Gradient Image Bitmaps”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), Volume 8, Number 9, 2010.pp.76-82 (ISSN: 1947-5500), Available online at http://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis
7. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Augmentation of Colour Averaging Based Image Retrieval Techniques using Even part of Images and Amalgamation of feature vectors”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Volume 2, Issue 10, (ISSN: 0975-5462) Available online at http://www.ijest.info
8. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Varun K. Banura, “Amelioration of Colour Averaging Based Image Retrieval Techniques using Even and Odd parts of Images”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Volume 2, Issue 9, (ISSN: 0975-5462) Available online at http://www.ijest.info.
9. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Akshay Maloo, “Query by Image Content Using Colour Averaging Techniques”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), Volume 2, Issue 6, 2010.pp.1612-1622 (ISSN: 0975-5462) Available online at http://www.ijest.info.
10. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Boosting Block Truncation Coding using Kekre’s LUV Color Space for Image Retrieval”, WASET International Journal of Electrical, Computer and System Engineering (IJECSE), Volume 2, Number 3, pp. 172-180, Summer 2008. Available online at http://www.waset.org/ijecse/v2/v2-3-23.pdf
11. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Image Retrieval using Augmented Block Truncation Coding Techniques”, ACM International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Control (ICAC3-2009), pp. 384-390, 23-24 Jan 2009, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigous College of Engg., Mumbai. Is uploaded on online ACM portal.
12. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Scaling Invariant Fusion of Image Pieces in Panorama Making and Novel Image Blending Technique”, International Journal on Imaging (IJI), www.ceser.res.in/iji.html, Volume 1, No. A08, pp. 31-46, Autumn 2008.
13. Hirata K. and Kato T. “Query by visual example – content-based image retrieval”, In Proc. of Third International Conference on Extending Database Technology, EDBT’92, 1992, pp 56-71
14. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Rendering Futuristic Image Retrieval System”, National Conference on Enhancements in Computer, Communication and Information Technology, EC2IT-2009, 20-21 Mar 2009, K.J.Somaiya College of Engineering, Vidyavihar, Mumbai-77.
15. Minh N. Do, Martin Vetterli, “Wavelet-Based Texture Retrieval Using Generalized Gaussian Density and Kullback-Leibler Distance”, IEEE Transactions On Image Processing, Volume 11, Number 2, pp.146-158, February 2002.
16. B.G.Prasad, K.K. Biswas, and S. K. Gupta, “Region –based image retrieval using integrated color, shape, and location index”, International Journal on Computer Vision and Image Understanding Special Issue: Colour for Image Indexing and Retrieval, Volume 94, Issues 1-3, April-June 2004, pp.193-233.
17. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Creating the Color Panoramic View using Medley of Grayscale and Color Partial Images ”, WASET International Journal of Electrical, Computer and System Engineering (IJECSE), Volume 2, No. 3, Summer 2008. Available online at www.waset.org/ijecse/v2/v2-3-26.pdf.
18. Stian Edvardsen, “Classification of Images using color, CBIR Distance Measures and Genetic Programming”, Ph.D. Thesis, Master of science in Informatics, Norwegian university of science and Technology, Department of computer and Information science, June 2006.
19. R.C. Gonsalez, R.E. Woods “Digital Image Processing”, Second Edition, Pearson Publication
20. Zhibin Pan, Kotani K., Ohmi T., “Enhanced fast encoding method for vector quantization by finding an optimally-ordered Walsh transform kernel”, ICIP 2005, IEEE International Conference, Volume 1, pp I - 573-6, Sept. 2005.
21. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Improving ‘Color to Gray and Back’ using Kekre’s LUV Color Space”, IEEE International Advanced Computing Conference 2009 (IACC’09), Thapar University, Patiala, INDIA, 6-7 March 2009. Is uploaded at online at IEEE Xplore.
22. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Image Blending in Vista Creation using Kekre's LUV Color Space”, SPIT-IEEE Colloquium and International Conference, Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Andheri, Mumbai, 04-05 Feb 2008.
23. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Color Traits Transfer to Grayscale Images”, In Proc.of IEEE First International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engg. & Technology, (ICETET-08), G.H.Raisoni COE, Nagpur, INDIA. Uploaded on online IEEE Xplore.
24. http://wang.ist.psu.edu/docs/related/Image.orig (Last referred on 23 Sept 2008)
25. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Using YUV Color Space to Hoist the Performance of Block Truncation Coding for Image Retrieval”, IEEE International Advanced Computing Conference 2009 (IACC’09), Thapar University, Patiala, INDIA, 6-7 March 2009.
26. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Archana Athawale, Anant Shah, Prathmesh Verlekar, Suraj Shirke,“Energy Compaction and Image Splitting for Image Retrieval using Kekre Transform over Row and Column Feature Vectors”, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security (IJCSNS),Volume:10, Number 1, January 2010, (ISSN: 1738-7906) Available at www.IJCSNS.org.
27. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Archana Athawale, Anant Shah, Prathmesh Verlekar, Suraj Shirke, “Walsh Transform over Row Mean and Column Mean using Image Fragmentation and Energy Compaction for Image Retrieval”, International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering (IJCSE),Volume 2S, Issue1, January 2010, (ISSN: 0975–3397). Available online at www.enggjournals.com/ijcse.
28. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Image Retrieval using Color-Texture Features Extracted from Walshlet Pyramid”, ICGST International Journal on Graphics, Vision and Image Processing (GVIP), Volume 10, Issue I, Feb.2010, pp.9-18, Available online www.icgst.com/gvip/Volume10/Issue1/P1150938876.html
29. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Color Based Image Retrieval using Amendment Block Truncation Coding with YCbCr Color Space”, International Journal on Imaging (IJI), Volume 2, Number A09, Autumn 2009, pp. 2-14. Available online at www.ceser.res.in/iji.html.
30. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Tanuja Sarode, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Color-Texture Feature based Image Retrieval using DCT applied on Kekre’s Median Codebook”, International Journal on Imaging (IJI), Volume 2, Number A09, Autumn 2009,pp. 55-65. Available online at www.ceser.res.in/iji.html (ISSN: 0974-0627).
31. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Akshay Maloo “Performance Comparison for Face Recognition using PCA, DCT &WalshTransform of Row Mean and Column Mean”, ICGST International Journal on Graphics, Vision and Image Processing (GVIP), Volume 10, Issue II, Jun.2010, pp.9-18, Available online http://209.61.248.177/gvip/Volume10/Issue2/P1181012028.pdf..
32. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Improving the Performance of Image Retrieval using Partial Coefficients of Transformed Image”, International Journal of Information Retrieval, Serials Publications, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2009, pp. 72-79 (ISSN: 0974-6285)
33. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Archana Athawale, Anant Shah, Prathmesh Verlekar, Suraj Shirke, “Performance Evaluation of Image Retrieval using Energy Compaction and Image Tiling over DCT Row Mean and DCT Column Mean”, Springer-International Conference on Contours of Computing Technology (Thinkquest-2010), Babasaheb Gawde Institute of Technology, Mumbai, 13-14 March 2010, The paper will be uploaded on online Springerlink.
34. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Tanuja K. Sarode, Sudeep D. Thepade, Vaishali Suryavanshi,“Improved Texture Feature Based Image Retrieval using Kekre’s Fast Codebook Generation Algorithm”, Springer-International Conference on Contours of Computing Technology (Thinkquest-2010), Babasaheb Gawde Institute of Technology, Mumbai, 13-14 March 2010, The paper will be uploaded on online Springerlink.
35. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Tanuja K. Sarode, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Image Retrieval by Kekre’s Transform Applied on Each Row of Walsh Transformed VQ Codebook”, (Invited), ACM-International Conference and Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology (ICWET 2010),Thakur College of Engg. And Tech., Mumbai, 26-27 Feb 2010, The paper is invited at ICWET 2010. Also will be uploaded on online ACM Portal.
36. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Shobhit W., P. Mukharjee, S. Singh, Miti K., “Image Retrieval with Shape Features Extracted using Gradient Operators and Slope Magnitude Technique with BTC”, International Journal of Computer Applications (IJCA), Volume 6, Number 8, pp.28-23, September 2010. Available online at http://www.ijcaonline.org/volume6/number8/pxc3871430.pdf
37. Haar, Alfred, “ZurTheorie der orthogonalenFunktionensysteme”. (German), MathematischeAnnalen, volume 69, No. 3, 1910, pp. 331–371.
38. Charles K. Chui, “An Introduction to Wavelets”, Academic Press, 1992, San Diego, ISBN 0585470901.
39. Dr. H. B. Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, “Image Retrieval using Non-Involutional Orthogonal Kekre’s Transform”, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Advances in Engineering (IJMRAE), Ascent Publication House, 2009, Volume 1, No.I, pp 189-203, 2009. Abstract available online at www.ascent-journals.com
40. Dr. H.B.Kekre, Sudeep D. Thepade, Akshay Maloo “Performance Comparison of Image Retrieval Using Fractional Coefficients of Transformed Image Using DCT, Walsh, Haar and Kekre’s Transform”, CSC International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume 4, Issue 2, pp 142-157, Computer Science Journals, CSC Press, www.cscjournals.org.

CBIR Gradient operators Walsh Haar & Kekre Transforms Texture Pattern Binary Image Maps Ternary Image Maps