CFP last date
20 August 2026
Call for Paper
September Edition
IJCA solicits high quality original research papers for the upcoming September edition of the journal. The last date of research paper submission is 20 August 2026

Submit your paper
Know more
The week's pick
Responsive image
Structured and Compact: A Novel Encoding and Enhancement Paradigm for ML-based SAT Solving

Ziqi Zhang Lan Zhang
Random Articles
Reseach Article

Digital Forensic Analysis of Virtual Private Network Services using National Institute of Standards and Technology Method

by Fajar Eko Prastyo, Imam Riadi
journal cover thumbnail

International Journal of Computer Applications
Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Volume 187 - Number 120
Year of Publication: 2026
Authors: Fajar Eko Prastyo, Imam Riadi
10.5120/ijca345c896a2b0d

Fajar Eko Prastyo, Imam Riadi . Digital Forensic Analysis of Virtual Private Network Services using National Institute of Standards and Technology Method. International Journal of Computer Applications. 187, 120 ( Jun 2026), 54-60. DOI=10.5120/ijca345c896a2b0d

@article{ 10.5120/ijca345c896a2b0d,
author = { Fajar Eko Prastyo, Imam Riadi },
title = { Digital Forensic Analysis of Virtual Private Network Services using National Institute of Standards and Technology Method },
journal = { International Journal of Computer Applications },
issue_date = { Jun 2026 },
volume = { 187 },
number = { 120 },
month = { Jun },
year = { 2026 },
issn = { 0975-8887 },
pages = { 54-60 },
numpages = {9},
url = { https://ijcaonline.org/archives/volume187/number120/digital-forensic-analysis-of-virtual-private-network-services-using-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-method/ },
doi = { 10.5120/ijca345c896a2b0d },
publisher = {Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA},
address = {New York, USA}
}
%0 Journal Article
%1 2026-07-01T03:10:10.291737+05:30
%A Fajar Eko Prastyo
%A Imam Riadi
%T Digital Forensic Analysis of Virtual Private Network Services using National Institute of Standards and Technology Method
%J International Journal of Computer Applications
%@ 0975-8887
%V 187
%N 120
%P 54-60
%D 2026
%I Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Abstract

The use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) is on the rise to protect the privacy and security of network communications. However, the use of VPNs also complicates digital forensic investigations due to the encryption of data traffic. This study aims to analyze network traffic under conditions with and without a VPN using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) methodology. Data collection was conducted through internet activity simulations recorded using Wireshark and analyzed using NetworkMiner. The results show that VPNs can hide users’ IP addresses and encrypt network communications, but digital artifacts such as the VPN server’s IP address, DNS requests, communication sessions, timestamps, and network metadata can still be identified. Additionally, differences in network communication patterns were found between conditions without a VPN and with a VPN, particularly regarding the use of the TLS/SSL protocol. Based on these results, the NIST method proved effective in supporting digital forensic investigations of VPN-based network traffic in a systematic and structured manner.

References
  1. F. Yasin, Abdul Fadlil, and Rusydi Umar, “Identifikasi bukti forensik jaringan virtual router menggunakan metode NIST,” Jurnal Resti (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 91–98, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.29207/resti.v5i1.2784.
  2. Y. Santoso and M. Raharjo, “Implementasi OpenVPN untuk work from home pada jaringan server di PT.Infokom Elektrindo,” Media Jurnal Informatika, vol. 17, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.35194/mji.v17i1.5040.
  3. K. Khairunnisak, H. Ashari, and A. P. Kuncoro, “Analisis forensik untuk mendeteksi keaslian citra digital menggunakan metode NIST,” Jurnal Resistor (Rekayasa Sistem Komputer), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 72–81, 2020.
  4. H. Haeruddin, S. E. Prasetyo, and A. W. Kaharuddin, “Optimalisasi keamanan jaringan di era digital menggunakan metode Zero Trust,” Journal of Information System and Technology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 15–24, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.37253/joint.v5i3.9986.
  5. R. E. Putro and I. R. Widiasari, “Analisis keamanan komunikasi VoIP server portable dilengkapi OpenVPN menggunakan Linux Asterisk,” Jurnal Media Informatika Budidarma, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 943, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.30865/mib.v6i2.3884.
  6. D. Yuliana, T. Yuniati, and B. P. Zen, “Analisis forensik terhadap kasus cyberbullying pada Instagram dan Whatsapp menggunakan metode National Institute of Justice (NIJ),” Cyber Security dan Forensik Digital, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 52–59, 2023.
  7. R. A. Bintang, R. Umar, and A. Yudhana, “Analisis media sosial Facebook Lite dengan tools forensik menggunakan metode NIST,” Techno (Jurnal Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto), vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 125–130, 2020.
  8. I. Riadi, F. Tella, S. Informasi, F. Sains dan Teknologi Terapan, and U. Ahmad Dahlan, “Analisis forensik pada email menggunakan metode National Institute of Standards and Technology,” MEI, 2022.
  9. A. R. Saraha, S. Umar, and N. Sugrah, “Model forensik literasi dalam pembelajaran daring di masa pandemi: Efektivitas pembelajaran dan responsnya,” Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 22–33, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.21831/jipi.v7i1.34149.
  10. M. Affandi, “Implementasi Virtual Private Network (VPN) OpenVPN dengan keamanan sertifikat SSL pada Network Attached Storage (Nas) Freenas,” Jurnal Impresi Indonesia (JII), vol. 1, no. 12, 2022.
  11. D. N. Amadi, A. Budiman, and P. Utomo, “Analysis of the effectiveness of VPN and PPTP protocol in E-Link Health Report Application Using NDLC Method,” Journal of Information Systems and Informatics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 949–958, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.51519/journalisi.v6i2.746.
  12. N. A. I. Maniar and T. Yuniati, “Implementasi mobile forensic pada aplikasi Michat dan Telegram dengan Framework NIST 800-101,” Cyber Security dan Forensik Digital, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 60–65, 2023.
  13. F. Wahyu Christanto and C. Krisna Angga Riski, “Komparasi Quality of Service Protokol Virtual Private Network menggunakan PPTP, L2TP, SSTP, dan OpenVPN,” Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2025, doi: 10.22441/incomtech.v15i1.23250.
  14. D. Mutiara Syafitri and F. Fachri, “Analisis forensik digital Telegram pada Android untuk cybercrime dengan kerangka National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),” Rabit : Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi Univrab, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 41–50, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.36341/rabit.v10i1.5402.
  15. A. Pujiyanta and I. Maulana, “Analisis forensik aplikasi penipuan berbasis Android menggunakan metode NIST,” JIKA (Jurnal Informatika), vol. 8, no. 2, p. 187, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.31000/jika.v8i2.10575.
  16. S. T. Oktavia, D. F. Priambodo, N. Trianto, and R. Purwoko, “Comparative Quality of Service Analysis of VPN protocols on IPv6,” Jurnal Nasional Pendidikan Teknik Informatika (JANAPATI), vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 461–471, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.23887/janapati.v12i3.69264.
  17. A. FFaizal and A. Luthfi, “Comparison Study of NIST SP 800-86 and ISO/IEC 27037 Standards as A Framework for Digital Forensic Evidence Analysis,” Journal of Information Systems and Informatics, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 701–718, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.51519/journalisi.v6i2.717.
  18. M. A. D. Putra, A. W. Muhammad, B. P. Zen, R. Y. Kisworini, and T. Rohayati, “Analisis forensik pada Instagram dan TikTok dalam mendapatkan bukti digital dengan menggunakan metode NIST 800-86,” Jurnal Sistem Informasi Galuh, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 44–54, 2024.
  19. B. A. Gumelar, G. D. S. Putra, and D. N. Amadi, “Mikrotik VPN shielding E-Link Health Reports: Strengthening Data Security at Madiun Health Office,” Journal of Information Systems and Informatics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1194–1203, Sep. 2023, doi: 10.51519/journalisi.v5i3.524.
  20. J. Studi Islam dan Bahasa Arab, K. Anwar, and I. Muhammad Yunus, “AL-QIBLAH: Penggunaan aplikasi Virtual Private Network pada situs internet terblokir (studi komparatif hukum Islam dan hukum positif) use of Virtual Private Network Applications on Blocked Internet Sites (Comparative Study of Islamic Law and Positive Law),” vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 456–478, 2023, doi: 10.36701/qiblah.v2i4.
  21. H. FIkri, “Implementasi VPN server menggunakan protokol L2TP dan IPSEC pada PT. Multi Terminal Indonesia,” Jurnal Teknologi Informasi, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 116–126, 2024.
  22. Prayogi Wicaksana, F. Hadi, and Aulia Fitrul Hadi, “Perancangan implementasi VPN server menggunakan protokol L2TP dan IPSec sebagai keamanan jaringan,” Jurnal KomtekInfo, pp. 169–175, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.35134/komtekinfo.v8i3.128.
  23. M. Iqbal, “Analysis of Security Virtual Private Network (VPN) Using OpenVPN,” International Journal of Cyber-Security and Digital Forensics, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 58–65, 2019, doi: 10.17781/P002557.
  24. H. S. Mikayla, A. Kusyanti, and P. H. Trisnawan, “Analisis forensik digital untuk investigasi kasus cyberbullying pada media sosial Tiktok,” Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1113–1124, Oct. 2024, doi: 10.25126/jtiik.2024118017.
  25. A. G. Prayogo and I. Riadi, “Digital Forensic Signal Instant Messages Services in Case of Cyberbullying using Digital Forensic Research Workshop Method,” Int. J. Comput. Appl., vol. 184, no. 32, pp. 21–29, oct. 2022, doi: 10.5120/ijca2022922393.
  26. M. Syukri, I. Riadi, and T. Sutikno, “Validation and Evaluation of Browser Forensics Using Digital Forensic Approach Based on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Framework,” Jurnal Teknik Informatika (Jutif), vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 2516–2529, Sep. 2025, doi: 10.52436/1.jutif.2025.6.4.4977.
  27. D. Royadi, M. Asfi, and A. Sevtiana, “Implementasi metode standar NIST dalam analisis data forensik studi kasus penipuan salah transfer mencatut nama Wabup pada SMP Ar-rohman Krangkeng,” LOFIAN: Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 12–19, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.58918/lofian.v3i1.216.
  28. M. Hajar Akbar, U. Ahmad, D. Yogyakarta, and I. Sunardi, “Analysis of Steganography on Digital Evidence using General Computer Forensic Investigation Model Framework,” 2020.
  29. K. Mochammad et al., “Artikel Nusantara Computer and Design Review pengukuran performa jaringan internet menggunakan Quality of Service dengan Wireshark,” NCDR, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 2025.
  30. F. Firmansyah, A. Fadlil, and R. Umar, “Evaluasi optimalisasi alat forensik keamanan jaringan pada lalu lintas virtual router,” Edu Komputika Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 81–92, 2023.
Index Terms

Computer Science
Information Sciences

Keywords

Digital Forensics VPN NIST Wireshark NetworkMiner Network Traffic

Powered by PhDFocusTM