In 1990, due to the emergence of cluster technology, RDBMS databases failed and NOSQL databases emerged. NOSQL databases provide scalability and performance, and due to their speedy development, they were used by all database administrators. In today’s cloud computing environment, NOSQL databases are used instead of relational databases. Due to their semi-structured and unstructured properties, they can handle many critical applications. Relational databases use table structure, which is the backbone of structured query language, whereas query language used by NOSQL databases does not have any standard. NOSQL databases handle structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data. By using fixed schemas, tables can be created, but in NOSQL databases, there is no fixed schema. The CRUD operations can be done on the fly. RDBMS uses ACID properties on transactions, but in NOSQL databases, there is the CAP theorem. In any kind of database, you think that consistency is the main feature that it should provide. But it is very difficult to maintain this feature due to the schema less nature of NOSQL databases. Every database is identified by or works well due to its consistency feature. The databases should be consistent if the data written to them must be valid according to all defined rules, including tables, primary keys, foreign keys, constraints, cascades, triggers, or any combination thereof. The CAP theorem in NOSQL databases states that database administrators can only achieve at most two out of three guarantees for a database. (either or and & consistency/availability/partition tolerance). Version stamps are the most important topic used in NoSQL. Version stamps help you detect concurrency conflicts in NOSQL databases. In between read and write operations performed by the user, it has to check the version stamp so that data between read and write is not updated. to ensure nobody updated the data between your read and write. There are various methods to implement version stamps like counters, GUIDs, content hashes, timestamps, or a combination of these. Version stamps provide a mechanism for detecting concurrency conflicts. This paper focused on various methods used to create the version stamps and their advantages and disadvantages. Among these counter methods is simple and widely used. The author had tried to implement the counter method of the version stamp using the Java language.

NOSQL Version Stamp ACID GUID timestamp