We apologize for a recent technical issue with our email system, which temporarily affected account activations. Accounts have now been activated. Authors may proceed with paper submissions. PhDFocusTM
CFP last date
20 December 2024
Reseach Article

NAT Traversal Techniques: A Survey

by Farida Chowdhury
International Journal of Computer Applications
Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Volume 175 - Number 32
Year of Publication: 2020
Authors: Farida Chowdhury
10.5120/ijca2020920885

Farida Chowdhury . NAT Traversal Techniques: A Survey. International Journal of Computer Applications. 175, 32 ( Nov 2020), 9-19. DOI=10.5120/ijca2020920885

@article{ 10.5120/ijca2020920885,
author = { Farida Chowdhury },
title = { NAT Traversal Techniques: A Survey },
journal = { International Journal of Computer Applications },
issue_date = { Nov 2020 },
volume = { 175 },
number = { 32 },
month = { Nov },
year = { 2020 },
issn = { 0975-8887 },
pages = { 9-19 },
numpages = {9},
url = { https://ijcaonline.org/archives/volume175/number32/31655-2020920885/ },
doi = { 10.5120/ijca2020920885 },
publisher = {Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA},
address = {New York, USA}
}
%0 Journal Article
%1 2024-02-07T00:40:03.855983+05:30
%A Farida Chowdhury
%T NAT Traversal Techniques: A Survey
%J International Journal of Computer Applications
%@ 0975-8887
%V 175
%N 32
%P 9-19
%D 2020
%I Foundation of Computer Science (FCS), NY, USA
Abstract

Network Address Translation (NAT) is one of the most widely-used Ad-hoc techniques in the world. Its soul purpose has been the effective utilisation of IPv4 public addresses by enabling the sharing of a single (or few) IPv4 address(es) by a large number of nodes within a private network. Since its inception, it has achieved a wide-scale adoption worldwide. Unfortunately, it imposes a great obstacle with respect to Peer-to-Peer (P2P) applications. To address this issue, different NAT traversal techniques have been proposed. This paper presents a survey of different NAT traversal techniques from classical solutions to non-standardized solutions. For each technique, their mechanisms, strengths and limitations are explored. Finally, this paper presents the findings in tabular formats so as to provide a side-by-side comparison of different NAT traversal techniques.

References
  1. APNIC. Ipv4 exhaustion. https://www.apnic.net/ manage-ip/ipv4-exhaustion/. Accessed: 2020-08-10.
  2. Kjeld Egevang and Paul Francis. The ip network address translator (nat). Technical report, 1994.
  3. Jonathan Rosenberg, JoelWeinberger, Christian Huitema, and Rohan Mahy. Stun-simple traversal of user datagram protocol (udp) through network address translators (nats). Technical report, RFC 3489, IETF, Mar, 2003.
  4. Mohamed Boucadair, Reinaldo Penno, and Dan Wing. Universal plug and play (upnp) internet gateway device-port control protocol interworking function (igd-pcp iwf). 2013.
  5. Pyda Srisuresh, George Tsirtsis, Praveen Akkiraju, and Andy Heffernan. Dns extensions to network address translators (dns alg). 1999.
  6. Bryan Ford, Pyda Srisuresh, and Dan Kegel. Peer-topeer communication across network address translators. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference, General Track, pages 179–192, 2005.
  7. Dan Wing, Philip Matthews, Rohan Mahy, and Jonathan Rosenberg. Session traversal utilities for nat (stun). RFC5389, October, 2008.
  8. Dan Wing, Philip Matthews, Rohan Mahy, and Jonathan Rosenberg. Session traversal utilities for nat (stun). RFC8489, February, 2020.
  9. Yuan Wei, Daisuke Yamada, Suguru Yoshida, and Shigeki Goto. A new method for symmetric nat traversal in udp and tcp. Network, 4(8), 2008.
  10. Christian Huitema. Teredo: Tunneling ipv6 over udp through network address translations (nats). Technical report, RFC 4380, February, 2006.
  11. Yong Wang, Zhao Lu, and Junzhong Gu. Research on symmetric nat traversal in p2p applications. In 2006 International Multi-Conference on Computing in the Global Information Technology-(ICCGI’06), pages 59–59. IEEE, 2006.
  12. Saikat Guha, Yutaka Takeda, and Paul Francis. Nutss: A sipbased approach to udp and tcp network connectivity. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Future directions in network architecture, pages 43–48. ACM, 2004.
  13. Andrew Biggadike, Daniel Ferullo, Geoffrey Wilson, and Adrian Perrig. Natblaster: Establishing tcp connections between hosts behind nats. In ACM SIGCOMM Asia Workshop, volume 5, 2005.
  14. Jeffrey L Eppinger. Tcp connections for p2p apps: A software approach to solving the nat problem. Technical report, Technical Report CMUISRI-05-104, Carnegie Mellon University, 2005.
  15. Rohan Mahy, Philip Matthews, and Jonathan Rosenberg. Traversal using relays around nat (turn): relay extensions to session traversal utilities for nat (stun). Internet Request for Comments, 2010.
  16. Pinggai Yang, Jun Li, Jun Zhang, Hai Jiang, Yi Sun, and Eryk Dutkiewicz. SMBR: A novel NAT traversal mechanism for structured Peer-to-Peer communications. In Computers and Communications (ISCC), 2010 IEEE Symposium on, pages 535–539. IEEE, 2010.
  17. Farida Chowdhury. Structured peer-to-peer overlays for nated churn intensive networks. 2015.
  18. MaidSafe. The maidsafe platform.
  19. Bingqing Shen, Jingzhi Guo, and CL Philip Chen. A nat-ed peer organization model in kademlia protocol. In 2013 Eighth International Conference on P2P, Parallel, Grid, Cloud and Internet Computing, pages 52–59. IEEE, 2013.
  20. Petar Maymounkov and David Mazi`eres. Kademlia: A peerto- peer information system based on the xor metric. In Revised Papers from the First International Workshop on Peerto- Peer Systems, IPTPS ’01, pages 53–65, London, UK, 2002. Springer-Verlag.
  21. P. Srisuresh, G. Tsirtsis, P. Akkiraju, and A. Hefferman. Dns extensions to network address translators (dns alg). Technical report, RFC 2694, Internet Engineering Task Force, 1999.
  22. Pyda Srisuresh, Jiri Kuthan, Jonathan Rosenberg, Andrew Molitor, and Abdallah Rayhan. Middlebox communication architecture and framework, 2002.
  23. Liwei Yang and Kai Lei. Combining ice and sip protocol for nat traversal in new classification standard. In 2016 5th International Conference on Computer Science and Network Technology (ICCSNT), pages 576–580. IEEE, 2016.
  24. ShengQuan Tsai. A study of p2p traversal through symmetric nat: with random port assignment. VDM Verlag Dr. Mller, 2010.
  25. Arno Wacker, Gregor Schiele, Sebastian Holzapfel, and Torben Weis. A nat traversal mechanism for peer-to-peer networks. In 2008 Eighth International Conference on Peer-to- Peer Computing, pages 81–83. IEEE, 2008.
  26. Jonathan Rosenberg et al. Interactive connectivity establishment (ice): A protocol for network address translator (nat) traversal for offer/answer protocols. Technical report, RFC 5245, April, 2010.
  27. Sylvia Ratnasamy, Paul Francis, Mark Handley, Richard Karp, and Scott Shenker. A scalable content-addressable network. In Proceedings of the 2001 Conference on Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer Communications, SIGCOMM ’01, pages 161–172, New York, NY, USA, 2001. ACM.
  28. Ashish Patro, Yadi Ma, Fatemah Panahi, Jordan Walker, and Suman Banerjee. A system for audio signalling based nat traversal. In 2011 Third International Conference on Communication Systems and Networks (COMSNETS 2011), pages 1–10. IEEE, 2011.
  29. Gianni DAngelo and Salvatore Rampone. A nat traversal mechanism for cloud video surveillance applications using websocket. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 77(19):25861–25888, 2018.
  30. Sunanda Bose, Akash Chowdhury, and Nandini Mukherjee. Lepantu: Long polling based energy efficient passive nat traversal through udp. In 2019 7th International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), pages 259–264. IEEE, 2019.
Index Terms

Computer Science
Information Sciences

Keywords

Network Address Translation (NAT) P2P STUN TURN